NEZ PEECE 2565 NLAGAEA FALLS AND EIVEE and opened the way to Paris. When the allies entered Paris he escaped in disguise to the provinces, but was finally arrested, brought back to Paris, tried for treason and executed. NEZ PEECE, na pair satf, an Indian tribe who formerly lived in the eastern portions of Washington and Oregon and in Central Idaho. After giving up their lands and taking new ones, they became displeased at the inroads of the miners upon their new territory, and under Chief Joseph they began a war in which their masterly leader for a long time defeated the regular United States troops. In fact, Joseph finally surrendered only under a promise to be returned to his old reservation. The government proved false to its word, and the Indians were moved into the former Indian Territory. More than half their number quickly perished there by dis- ease, and in 1884 they were returned to a reservation in Northern Washington. About 2,000 of the tribe are now living in two reservations in Washington and Idaho. Their name, meaning pierced nose, was ap- plied by the French to those tribes that were accustomed to piercing the nose, but this particular tribe did not apparently practice this custom. NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y., in Niagara County, on Niagara River at the point of location of Niagara Falls (which see), one of the great scenic wonders of America. The city is twenty-three miles north of Buffalo, on the Michigan Central, the Lehigh Valley, the Erie, the West Shore, the Wabash and the New York Central railroads. There is also interurban connection with Buffalo and with Niagara Falls, Ontario. Three notable sus- pension bridges connect the city with the Canada shore. The state has made 412 acres adjoining the Falls into a state park, and there are two smaller parks. The city is a mecca for sightseers, many thousands visiting the Falls every year. It also possesses unusual educational advan- tages in De Veaux College (Protestant Epis- copal) and Niagara University (Roman Catholic). There are two hospitals, a Car- negie Library and a Federal building. Ho- tels of all classes provide amply for visitors. Niagara Falls has become a great manu- facturing center since the unlimited water power from the rapids in the river have been available by law for use. There is one of the greatest shredded-wheat factories in the world; other industries include paper and Hour mills; electric heaters; carborundum, graphite, carbide and carbon works, and electrochemical works. The city has been governed on the commission plan since 1915. Population, 1920, 50,760; in 1930, 75,460. NIAGARA FALLS, Oxr., in Welland County, on the Niagara River, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, opposite Niagara Falls, N. Y. It was formerly called Clifton. Its geographical position makes it a great railroad center; practically all of the great trunk lines, including the Canadian Pacific, the Canadian National Railway, Michigan Central, Wabash, and Erie systems, have con- nections here. The great water power of the falls furnishes abundant power for many in- dustrial establishments; the most important of these produce silverware, iron and steel, chemicals, leather and leather goods, neck- wear, hosiery and hats, firearms, paper and paper boxes. The city has one of the finest park systems in the world, and it is the cen- ter of a boulevard system which extends from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. Its location at the great Falls makes it a great resort for tourists all seasons of the year. Population, 1931, 19,046. NIAGABA FALLS AND RIVEB. The Falls of Niagara and several miles of the course of Niagara River constitute one of tlie scenic wonders of the world. The river connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario and separates the state of New York from the province of Ontario. It is thirty-three miles long and has a fall of 331 feet between the two lakes. In the upper part of its course, for about sixteen miles, the stream flows through a broad plateau, with scarcely any valley. Near the lower edge of this plateau is Grand Island, whose area is 17,000 acres, separating the river into east and west branches. After the branches reunite, the river flows quietly for a short distance and has a channel between two and three miles wide, which contains a number of islands. It then narrows and make a rapid descent, forming the rapids over which the river falls fifty-two feet in a short distance. At the foot of the rapids are the Falls, which are divided by G-oat Island into two cataracts, known as the Canadian, or Horseshoe, Falls, on the west, and the American Falls, on the east. The cataract is caused by the river's falling over a ledge of Hard limestone, which is un- derlaid by layers of softer rock. This ledge